Search Results for: extension

2022: Herbicide Programs for Glyphosate-Resistant Horseweed (Marestail) Control in Soybean

Disease
Northern Stem Canker: A New Challenge for New York Soybean Producers

Disease Surveys:
2019: Diagnosis and Assessment of Diseases of Field Crops in NNY
2018  2017   2016   2015   2014   2013

Food-Grade Soybean Production
Variety Trials: Small Grains & Food-Grade Soybeans, 2010  2008
NNY Forage and Food Soybeans, 2007
Producing Organic Food-Grade Soybeans in NNY, 2005
Organic Food-Grade Soybean Production Systems for NNY, 2004

Forage Soybean Breeding & Production: Variety Trials
2013   2012   2011   2009   2007   2004  2000   1999

Feed/Oil Grade Soybean Production
Soybean Variety Trials in NNY, 2011

Growing Soybeans in NNY
#1: Growing Soybeans in NNY
#2: Coping with Asian Soybean Rust

Plant Tissue Nutrient Levels in Soybean in NNY: Year 2

Weed Management
2022: Herbicide Programs for Glyphosate-Resistant Horseweed (Marestail) Control in Soybean
 2019: One and Two-Pass Weed Control Programs for Glyphosate-Resistant Soybeans 

 

 

 

2023:  The Effect of Interseeded Alternative Forages on the Yield and Forage Quality of Corn Silage in NNY
2023:  Comparison of Enlist Corn and Soybean Weed Control Programs
2023:  Evaluation of Corn Herbicide Programs With or Without Atrazine

2022: The Effect of Western Bean Cutworm Damage on the Nutritional Quality and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silage

2021 Corn Research Projects Final Reports (4):
. Corn Silage Soluble Starch as Influenced by Kernel Processing Score and Kernel Type
. Soil Sampling for Agronomic and Environmental Risk Assessments in Zone-Based Management in the Era of Technology
. Expanding Adaptive Nutrient Management Options for N and P Management in Corn
. Whole Farm Sustainability Assessments: Protecting the Environment and Saving Dollars

CORN DISEASE SURVEYS:
2019:  Diagnosis and Assessment of Diseases of Field Crops in NNY 2018  2017  2016  2015  2014  2013

CORN ROOTWORM CONTROL
2019: Biocontrol Nematodes Application Alternative: Mixed with Liquid Manure Applied to Corn and Alfalfa Fields
. Impact of Biocontrol Nematodes on Corn Rootworm During the Corn Rotation

Corn vs SxS for Supplemental Forage, 2011

Economic and Environmental Impacts of Corn Silage Maturity Management, 2004

How Soil Type and Drainage Affect Corn Nitrogen Response, 2005

Influence of maturity at harvest and ensiling time on protein solubility, starch degradability, and fiber digestibility of corn hybrids harvested for silage, 2009

ISNT Implementation on NNY Farms and Protected N Sources to Meet N Needs for Corn Where N is Needed, 2009

Nitrogen Needs for Corn Following Grass/Legume Sods, 2007

PRECISION MANAGEMENT
2021: Soil Sampling for Agronomic and Environmental Risk Assessments in Zone-Based Management in the Era of Technology
2021: Expanding Adaptive Nutrient Management Options for N and P Management in Corn

NITROGEN MANAGEMENT
2019: Evaluation of Variability in Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency across Corn Silage Hybrids in NNY
2008-09   2007-08    2007

Adapt-N

Aminosugar Nitrogen Soil Test for Economic and Environmentally-Sound Nitrogen Management of Corn in NNY, 2004

VARIETY TRIALS
BMR and Non-BMR Corn Silage Hybrids in NNY: Agronomic & Forage Quality Characteristics: Year 2 Result: 2016
Table 7        Year 1 Report: 2015

Corn Grain
2019: Commercial Corn Hybrid Evaluation for Silage Yield and Quality and for Grain Yield in NNY
2018
2016-2017 Report: Tables: 80-95 and 96-110 day silage results
2016-2017 Tables: Eyespot, 79-89 day grain results

2016 Corn Hybrid Trial Results: Background, Methods, Results Summary, Conclusions   Results Tables 1-4
2015   Tables 1 and 2
2014   2013    2013 NNY-Only Data Tables
2012   2011   2010   2009   2008   2007   2006  2005   2004

Corn Silage
2019: Commercial Corn Hybrid Evaluation for Silage Yield and Quality and for Grain Yield in NNY
2019: Evaluation of Variability in Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency across Corn Silage Hybrids in NNY
2018: NY-VT Corn Silage Hybrid Evaluation Report
2016: BMR and Non-BMR Corn Silage Hybrids in NNY: Year 2 Results, Table 7
2015  2013, Statewide/ 2013 NNY-Only
2012   2011   2010   2009   2008   2007

WESTERN BEAN CUTWORM
2022: The Effect of Western Bean Cutworm Damage on the Nutritional Quality and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silage
. Ear Damage Evaluation and Mycotoxin Screening of Corn Silage Hybrids: NNY Trials
. Evaluation of Efficacy of Bt Corn for Control of Western Bean Cutworm

WHOLE FARM DAIRY SUSTAINABILITY
2021: Whole Farm Sustainability Assessments: Protecting the Environment and Saving Dollars

YIELD POTENTIAL OF NNY-GROWN CORN
2020: Farm-Specific Corn Yield Potentials and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Crop Removal Estimates
2017-2019: Assessment of Corn Yield Potentials with Yield Monitors in NNY (Phase 3)
2013-2016 Results
2014 Results,  Tables
2013 Results

Northern NY Agricultural Development Program Project Report, 2008-2009

Management of Brown Root Rot of Alfalfa in NY

Project Leader(s)
Gary Bergstrom, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology
Michael Wunsch, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology
Julie Hansen, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
Donald Viands, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
Jamie Crawford, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

Background
Phoma sclerotioides, causal agent of brown root rot (BRR), is a soil-borne fungus causing root and crown rot of alfalfa, other perennial legumes, and overwintering grasses.

Primarily active during late winter and early spring (Cormack 1934), it is associated with yield loss, winterkill, slow emergence from winter dormancy, and stand decline of alfalfa (Berkenkamp et al. 1991, Hollingsworth et al. 2003) and with winterkill of overwintering grasses (Larsen et al. 2007).

BRR was first detected in the eastern United States in 2003 in Clinton County, NY on alfalfa.

The results of subsequent surveys of alfalfa production fields conducted in Clinton County in 2004 and in New York, Vermont and New Hampshire in 2005 suggest that BRR may be a serious factor impacting the health and persistence of alfalfa in the region.

BRR was found on a high percentage of plants in many fields, and most of the lesions caused by the disease progressed into the cortical (internal) tissues of roots and crowns (Wunsch et al. 2007).

The BRR incidence observed in northeastern United States is similar to that observed in Saskatchewan, Canada, where the disease has long been recognized as a serious problem for alfalfa production.

BRR can have severe effects on alfalfa yields. In Saskatchewan fields with heavy BRR disease pressure, BRR-resistant alfalfa cultivars yield 40 to 65 percent higher than BRR-susceptible cultivars (second and third production years, three cuts per year); alfalfa cultivars with moderate BRR resistance yield 23 to 43 percent higher than BRR-susceptible cultivars (Berkenkamp et al. 1991).

No management tools currently exist for BRR in New York. Peace, the BRR-resistant alfalfa variety grown in Saskatchewan and Alberta, performs poorly in New York, as it is highly susceptible to other alfalfa root rots common in New York. Crop rotation is not an effective alternative; P. sclerotioides produces resting stuctures that can persist extended periods in the soil without a suitable substrate (Cormack, 1934), it has a very broad host range, and it can survive on organic matter in the soil (Davidson, 1990).

Significant differences in BRR resistance have been observed among alfalfa varieties grown in Saskatchewan and in Wyoming (Berkenkamp et al., 1991; Hollingsworth et al., 2005). If significant differences in BRR resistance are also observed among alfalfa varieties grown in New York, adoption of the most resistant varieties by growers in fields with high BRR pressure would be expected to increase forage yields. The most resistant varieties would also serve as sources of BRR resistance for alfalfa breeding.

Methods
Alfalfa variety trial with yield assessment

A field plot trial was planted at The William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute at Chazy NY on May 4, 2009. The soil type is a Roundabout silt loam. The trial design is a split-plot with BRR inoculated and uninoculated as the main plot treatments, and alfalfa cultivars as the sub-plots. Six main plots were planted.

One-half of each main plot was inoculated with barley grains infected with Phoma sclerotioides prior to seeding. Inoculations were conducted with an equal mix of four genetically and morphologically divergent isolates of P. sclerotioides. The grains were raked into the soil. Plots were seeded with a 6-row Carter seeder that seeded plots that are 3.5 feet wide and 20 feet long. Sub-plots are 11 alfalfa cultivars / experimentals.

Three cultivars are from seed companies. These cultivars were recommended by Deborah Samac, USDA-ARS Research Plant Pathologist, and have done well in other BRR trials in the Midwest.

Six cultivars are from the Cornell Alfalfa Breeding Program and are currently or have been recently marketed in New York.

One cultivar is a PLH-resistant alfalfa and one is ‘Vernal’ a standard check cultivar in alfalfa trials. Seed germinations tests were completed for each cultivar. The number of seeds that germinated ranged from 330 to 425 seeds per gram. The grams of seed per plot were adjusted so that about 80 live seeds per square foot were planted for each cultivar. Seeds per plot ranged from 14.9 to 19.2 grams. The plots were sprayed with herbicides and an insecticide in early July to control weeds and insects, and two harvests were taken the seedling year.

Alfalfa variety trial with BRR incidence assessment
In May 2007, a replicated field trial was established at the Cornell Baker Research Farm in Willsboro, NY to test the relative susceptibility of 11 alfalfa varieties to BRR.

Nine alfalfa varieties commercially available in New York were tested: 54V46 (Pioneer), 361 HY (Preferred Seed), Guardsman II (Seedway), Mariner III (Allied Seed), ReGen (Seedway), Oneida Ultra (Seedway), Seedway 9558 (Seedway), Starbuck (Pickseed), and WL 347 LH (W-L Research).

Two additional varieties, Peace (Richardson Seeds) and Vernal (University of Wisconsin), were included as resistant and susceptible checks.

The plot was inoculated at seeding with a single isolate of P. sclerotioides of local origin. A parallel experiment (not funded by NNYADP) was established near Bath, NY in May 2006 and inoculated with a single isolate of P. sclerotioides collected near Bath. In April and May 2009, 150 plants of each variety were collected from the plot in Willsboro and 125 plants of each variety were collected from the plot near Bath and assessed for BRR in the laboratory.

A plant was only considered positive for BRR if P. sclerotioides was successfully isolated from a root or crown lesion. Incidence of BRR was recorded.

Results

Alfalfa variety trial with yield assessment
Seed germination and seedling establishment at the field plot in Chazy was excellent (Figure 3). Yield difference between the inoculated and uninoculated plots is not expected until the first production year (2010) or later after the P. sclerotioides infects the plant roots. Within the part of the trial that was not inoculated, MsSunstra 536, Oneida Ultra, ReGen, and Ezra alfalfa were in the top yielding group of cultivars based on the LSD (0.05). Within the trial that was inoculated, MsSunstra 536, Oneida Ultra, ReGen, Ezra, Guardsman II and Vernal were in the top yielding group of cultivars based in the LSD (0.05).

Alfalfa variety trial with BRR incidence assessment
In spring 2009, 54V46, Peace, Seedway 9558, Oneida Ultra, WL 347LH, and Vernal exhibited significantly lower levels of infection by P. sclerotioides than Starbuck (Table 2). The results correspond to those observed in spring 2008; the relative BRR resistance of the varieties was similar both years, and Peace was significantly more resistant to BRR than Starbuck both years (Table 2).

The relative BRR resistance of Peace and Starbuck was reversed at the field plot in Bath (not funded by NNYADP). Starbuck was significantly more resistant to BRR than Peace in both spring 2007 and 2008 (Table 2). Peace and Vernal were not evaluated in spring 2009 because of inadequate numbers of surviving plants.

The differences in BRR resistance observed in Willsboro and Bath likely reflected biological variation in the pathogen present at these locations. Recent research indicates that P. sclerotioides is represented by at least five genetically and morphologically distinct biotypes in New York. In Willsboro, biotype 1 predominates, and plants were inoculated with an isolate of biotype 1. In Bath, biotype 5 predominates, and plants were inoculated with an isolate of biotype 5. The results from the variety trials suggest that some alfalfa varieties may be resistant to one biotype but highly susceptible to another. To confirm these results, an inoculation study involving alfalfa varieties Peace, Starbuck, and WL 347LH and all major biotypes is currently being conducted under controlled conditions.

Conclusions/Outcomes/Impacts
In most alfalfa production fields in northern New York, multiple biotypes of P. sclerotioides are present, and no single biotype predominates. The BRR variety trial planted in Chazy in 2009 should help identify alfalfa varieties that perform well in such fields. Surveys conducted in 2004 and 2005 suggest that the native population of P. sclerotioides in the field selected for the variety trial is representative of most fields in northern New York, with moderate to high levels of biotypes 1, 3, and 5 present. The split-plot design with supplemental inoculum of biotypes 1, 2, 3, and 5 as a main-plot treatment will permit evaluation of BRR resistance under conditions of high BRR pressure where multiple biotypes are present. Comparisons with the uninoculated main-plot treatment will also permit assessment of the yield effect associated with increased BRR pressure.

The results from the field trials in Willsboro and Bath will help inform breeding efforts. Alfalfa breeders currently use a single isolate of P. sclerotioides from biotype 1 to screen for BRR resistance. Peace, the variety that was relatively resistant to BRR in Willsboro but highly susceptible in Bath, is used by breeders as a moderately resistant check. If studies conducted under controlled conditions confirm that Peace is highly susceptible to biotype 5, breeders will need to include additional isolates representing other biotypes when screening for BRR resistance.

Outreach
The latest results of this project will be shared at the Crop Congresses in the norther New York communities of Carthage and Madrid in March 2010. Additional outreach on brown root rot was conducted for growers in northern New York at Crop Congresses in Chazy, Madrid, and Carthage in March 2009, and for Cornell Cooperative Extension field crop educators at in-service training sessions in March and November 2009. Also, a poster highlighting the ongoing alfalfa variety experiment in Chazy was distributed for display in the offices of Cornell Cooperative Extension Associations of Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Jefferson, Lewis, and St. Lawrence Counties.

Next steps
Yield assessment should be made for at least three additional years at the field plot established in Chazy in spring 2009. Infection of alfalfa by P. sclerotioides does not occur until winter dormancy, and BRR is typically most severe in the third, fourth, and fifth years of alfalfa production.

Acknowledgments
In addition to NNYADP, partial funding support for this project was from Hatch project NYC153-433 and an award from the USDA-CSREES Northeast IPM Partnership Grants Program.

Reports and/or articles in which the results of this project have already been published.

Brown-Rytlewski, Diane. Winterkill and brown root rot of alfalfa. April 16, 2009. Michigan State University IPM News. http://ipmnews.msu.edu

Farm Briefs: Project aims to combat brown root rot. April 19, 2009. Plattsburgh Press-Republican. http://www.pressrepublican.com

NNY study to combat root rot. Aptil 18, 2009. Watertown Daily Times. http://www.watertowndailytimes.com

For More Information
Gary C. Bergstrom
Cornell University, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology
607-255-8393 (lab), 607-255-7849 (office), gcb3@cornell.edu

Literature Cited

Berkenkamp, B., Bittman, S., and McCartney, D. 1991. Resistance of alfalfa cultivars to brown root rot. Can. J. Plant Sci. 71:211-213.

Cormack, M.W. 1934. On the invasion of roots of Medicago and Melilotus by Sclerotinia sp. and Plenodomus meliloti D. and S. Can. J. Res. 11:474-480.

Davidson, J.G.N. 1990. Brown root rot. Pages 29-31 in: Compendium of Alfalfa Diseases, D.L. Stuteville and D.C. Erwin, eds. APS Press, St. Paul MN.

Hollingsworth, C. R., Gray, F. A., Koch, D. W., Groose, R. W., and Heald, T. E. 2003. Distribution of Phoma sclerotioides and incidence of brown root rot of alfalfa in Wyoming, U.S.A. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 25:215-217.

Hollingsworth, C. R., Gray, F. A., and Groose, R. W. 2005. Evidence for the heritability of resistance to brown root rot of alfalfa, caused by Phoma sclerotioides. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 27:64-70.

Larsen, J. E., Hollingsworth, C. R., Flor, J., Dornbusch, M. R. Simpson, N. L., and Samac, D. A. 2007. Distribution of Phoma sclerotioides on alfalfa and winter wheat crops in the North Central United States. Plant Dis. 91:551-558.

Wunsch, M. J., Schindelbeck, R. R., van Es, H. M., and Bergstrom, G. C. 2007. Distribution, impact and soil environment of Phoma sclerotioides in northeastern U.S. alfalfa fields. Plant Dis. 91:1293-1304.

Press Release: January 30, 2012

Contact: Joe Lawrence, CCE Lewis, 315-376-5270; Mike Hunter, CCE Jefferson, 315-788-8450; Rick LeVitre, CCE Franklin, 518-483-7403; Eric Young, 518-846-7121 x113

2012 North Country Crop Congresses: February 14, 15, 21, 22

Carthage, NY – The 2012 North Country Crop Congresses will cover everything from controlling weeds to climate impact to costs.

Optimizing Forage Production with Legume/Grass Mixtures is the topic for Dr. Paul Peterson, University of Minnesota Extension Forage Specialist. Dr. Peterson’s most recent research has assessed the potential of mixtures of alfalfa with different perennial grass options.

“My research on grasses, alfalfa and alternative legumes has focused on improving yield, forage quality, stand persistence, and crop economic value,” Peterson says.

Dr. Russ Hahn of Cornell University will provide the latest information on forage crop weed management.

Climatologists with the Cornell University Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences will discuss how weather patterns affect crop production in Northern New York.

NNY Field Crops Team leader Joe Lawrence, a field crops educator with Cornell Cooperative Extension Lewis County, says, “Climate variability in general and in terms of Northern New York’s microclimates is an increasingly important interest for North Country farms. These Crop Congresses will look at how crop yield and quality are impacted by expected weather and unexpected weather patterns each year and discussion on how farms can minimize this impact.”

Cornell Cooperative Extension’s NNY Farm Business Management Team educators will share methods for tracking the true cost of crops production.

The 2012 North Country Crop Congresses will run from 9:30am to 3pm, lunch and materials will be provided. Contact your local site for registration details. The North Country Crop Congresses will be held:

• February 14, Canton Best Western, 315-379-9192
• February 15, Carthage Elks Club, 315-376-5270, 315-788-8450
• February 21: Moe’s Bar and Grill, Malone, 518-483-7403
• February 22: W.H. Miner Center Auditorium, Chazy, NY.

NYSDEC Pesticide Recertification Credits and Certified Crop Advisor Credits are pending. #

Press Release: January 19, 2012
Contact: Amy Ivy, CCE Clinton County, 518-561-7450; Sue Gwise, CCE Jefferson County, 315-788-8450

Vegetable Specialist to Speak in Watertown & Plattsburgh; Register by Feb. 6

Cornell Cooperative Extension (CCE) is bringing Cornell University Horticulture Professor Dr. Stephen Reiners to Northern New York for two workshops for commercial vegetable growers. This workshop is for both organic and conventional growers.

Dr. Reiners will present a workshop from 10am to 3pm on Tuesday, February 14 at CCE Jefferson County, 203 North Hamilton Street, Watertown, and on Wednesday, February 15 at CCE Clinton County, 6064 Route 22, Plattsburgh. Growers must register by February 6 with CCE Jefferson County at 315-788-8450 or Clinton County at 518-561-7450. The $25 fee includes lunch and a resource packet.

In the morning session Dr. Reiners will cover the fundamentals of soil fertility and irrigation; in the afternoon, workshop participants will apply those principles to real-life case studies from actual Northern New York vegetable farms.

Workshops organizer Amy Ivy, executive director of CCE Clinton County and a horticultural specialist, says, “The short growing season in Northern New York makes it especially important for growers to keep their crops growing at full capacity all season long for maximum yield and income.”

Dr. Reiners, an Associate Professor with the Cornell Department of Horticultural Sciences at the NYS Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, NY, since 2000, says understanding soil fertility and how to maintain it can make a huge difference for vegetable growers.

“Some growers apply too much fertilizer, some not enough. With proper knowledge, growers can develop a soil fertility plan that prevents mid-season deficiencies of key macro-nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium when the crop need is greatest, that, in turn, is a plan for higher yields and income.

Dr. Reiners will talk about pH and proper application of nutrients. Organic growers who rely on fertilizers such as fish emulsion need to be especially mindful of application rates to be sure crops receive adequate nutrition. Fertigation – combining fertilizer and irrigation – is one technique that will be discussed.

“Once growers properly apply the practical information they gain at this workshop, they will see positive results in one season,” Ivy says.

Vegetable production for fresh market sales has dramatically increased in recent years across New York’s six northernmost counties: Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Jefferson, Lewis and St. Lawrence. This workshop has been approved as a Northern New York Agricultural Development Program small grants project. #