Chazy, New York; July 18, 2022.  The Northern New York Agricultural Development Program has posted the results of research analyzing how kernel processing impacts two types of corn hybrids. Project leader Allen Wilder notes that “farmers seeking to feed corn silage soon after ensiling may have an option with floury-type hybrids.” The complete “Corn Silage Soluble Starch as Influenced by Kernel Processing Score and Kernel Type” project report is posted under About: Projects at https://nnyagdev.org.

Data from the research conducted in 2021 by Wilder, a forage agronomist with the Miner Institute, Chazy, N.Y., shows that processing of the floury hybrid increased starch digestibility and the soluble starch pool of the corn silage despite the processing resulting in a lower-than-desired kernel processing score (KPS) of 70. The vitreous-type hybrid processed at a consistently higher KPS in the trial.

“A high-quality forage that is high in starch content is only good if the starch is available to your cows. The softness of the floury-type kernels may have allowed them to flatten without breaking apart in the processing in this trial,” Wilder points out. “This research suggests that a different guideline may be needed in regard to optimal kernel processing of floury corn hybrids to create a better indicator of this starch availability for the floury type of corn hybrid.”

Wilder also evaluated the impact of fermentation on starch availability in the two types of hybrids.

“Feedout of the floury hybrid, particularly in the initial stages of fermentation, may allow larger particles of starch to be fully digested in the cow rumen,” Wilder notes.

Wilder’s trial data indicated that fermenting at least 90 days in essential in maximizing both the digestible and soluble starch pools in corn silage regardless of the aggressiveness of kernel processing. However, he noted that, “while our maximum in-vitro starch digestion plateaued by the 90-day point, actual starch digestion in the rumen may still benefit from additional fermentation time since the greatest soluble starch levels were not achieved until the 135-day point.”

The degree of processing – more aggressively or less aggressively – did not significantly affect the content of starch or sugar in this trial. However, during fermentation, the heavily-processed vitreous corn hybrid showed a consistent numerical decline in starch content as compared to the moderately-processed vitreous corn. Wilder notes, “the hypothesis that this change in starch content was due to degradation into other pools (such as soluble starch or sugar) was not supported by the study results and the fate of the lost starch remains unclear.”

Project One of First to Try CVAS Soluble Starch Analysis
This research project was one of the first of its kind to utilize a soluble starch analysis developed by Cumberland Valley Analytical Services, Inc. to

quantify the starch that readily moves into suspension in an aqueous environment such as cow rumen. Specific guidelines and animal performance benchmarks for this analysis are yet to be determined.

Wilder points to opportunities for future research, saying, “the value of soluble starch analysis as an indicator of cow performance is still unproven. More data is needed to be able to develop guidelines for that fraction in addition to the kernel processing score.”

Funding for the Northern New York Agricultural Development Program is supported by the New York State Legislature through the New York State Assembly and administered by the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets.

Willsboro, New York.  The latest results of “super fruit” and vegetable production research from the farmer-driven Northern New York Agricultural Development Program (NNYADP) will be featured on the Thursday, July 7, 2022 Open House Tour at the Willsboro Research Farm in Willsboro, New York. The tour will leave the main office at 48 Sayward Lane at 2 p.m. Arrivals welcome at 1:30 p.m. All activities are free and open to the public. For more information, contact the farm at 518-963-7492.

One stop on the tour will be the Juneberry (amelanchier) nursery established with support from the NNYADP with both wild-cut and commercial varieties of a fruit noted for its high-antioxidant and nutritional value. Juneberry was the first in a line of now-four “super fruits” under evaluation with grants from the NNYADP. The open house tour will also provide an update on honeyberry and Aronia research plantings at the farm. Elderberry trials have just recently been established there.

The results of NNYADP research focused on opportunities to extend northern New York’s cooler spring and winter season growing and sales opportunities will be featured with a focus on the 2021 trials of early spring sprouting broccoli and tender miniature cabbages and an investigation into the potential to grow overwintered broccoli.

Farm Manager Michael H. Davis, Ph.D., will be joined by colleagues to also present information on soil health, corn grain and corn silage varieties, strawberry growing systems, a canopy-sensing robot, cover crops, alternative to neonic seed treatments, male sterile forage sorghum, and growing winter triticale and winter rye for forage and grain.

The 352-acre Willsboro Research Farm was a gift to Cornell University by E. Vreeland Baker in 1982. The farm is operated as a Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station and has hosted numerous projects for the NNYADP.

Funding for the Northern New York Agricultural Development Program is supported by the New York State Legislature through the New York State Assembly and administered by the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets.

Philadelphia, New York; June 22, 2022.  Spring harvest may account for as much as half of the total forage crop yield fed to lactating dairy cows. The latest results of Northern New York Agricultural Development Program (NNYADP) research evaluating opportunities to increase the value of alfalfa-grass forage crops have been presented to farmers, crop consultants, dairy nutritionists, and extension educators in New York, Wisconsin, Utah, and Mid-Atlantic states. The final report for the 2021 project is posted at  https://nnyagdev.org/index.php/2021-nnyadp-projects/.

The northern New York regional climate has spurred farmers’ interest in growing winter-hardy perennial grasses in combination with alfalfa, traditionally the dairy industry’s go-to crop for highly-digestible, high protein forage to support milk production.

“Adding as little as five percent grass in an alfalfa-grass seeding will significantly increase the fiber digestibility of that forage mix compared to an all-alfalfa crop, and a one percent unit increase in fiber digestibility can bring from 0.5 to more than one pound of milk production per cow per day,” says NNYADP alfalfa-grass project leader Debbie J.R. Cherney, a Cornell University Animal Science professor.

More than two dozen farms in northern New York have participated with Cherney’s field trials. One of those farms is Michael Kiechle’s Garden of Eden Farm in Philadelphia, New York. After poor growing years in 2019 and 2020, Kiechle had used up all his reserve forage. So, he decided to add fescue, a perennial grass, to his alfalfa-timothy-red clover cropping plan and made room for the NNYADP research trial of nine meadow fescue and one tall fescue variety planted with alfalfa.

“This research perfectly dovetailed with changing my cropping plan to add fescue to see if that change would help,” Kiechle explains. It did. The four-cut harvest of the alfalfa-grasses mix in 2021 built his forage stockpile back to the point that in June of 2022 he still had bags remaining.

For 2022, Kiechle has planted an entirely alfalfa-fescue mix.

The 2021 NNYADP trial data showed that weather plays a crucial role for establishing grasses in a mix with alfalfa, with the potential to either produce no grass or a high percentage of grass in the mix.

“The grasses at Kiechle’s farm all established successfully with the alfalfa. The data collected have produced seeing guidelines to help growers avoid the too-much grass extreme,” Cherney notes.

“Since the consequence of too much grass in the mix is greater than the consequence of having a mostly pure alfalfa stand for harvest as lactating dairy feed, the meadow fescue grass seeding rate in an alfalfa-grass mix should not exceed 1 lb. per acre,” Cherney explains.

The seeding rate of 1 lb. of grass seed per acre in the 2021 trial produced 30-plus percent of grass in the mix. Cherney’s optimal percentage for an alfalfa-grass mixture is 20-30 percent of a high quality grass.

“If the grass percentage is less than 50 percent of the mix, the crude protein content of the mix is going to be sufficient for lactating dairy cows,” Cherney points out.

Data gathered over the course of the NNYADP alfalfa-grass research trials since 2013 has produced insight into the combined crop’s fertility requirements, fiber content, fiber digestibility, and lignin value.

This NNYADP research has also included the first trials in North America of one Wisconsin-bred and several European-bred meadow fescue perennial grass varieties.

Cherney’s research team included Cornell University Animal Science, Soil and Crop, and PRO-DAIRY colleagues and Cornell Cooperative Extension educators.

Funding for the Northern New York Agricultural Development Program is supported by the New York State Legislature through the New York State Assembly and is administered by the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets. NNYADP project results are publicly accessible at https://www.nnyagdev.org.

PHOTOS:
. Above, top: NNYADP alfalfa-grass trials at Garden of Eden Farm in Philadelphia, NY, included 9 varieties of meadow fescue and one tall fescue. Photo: Debbie J.R. Cherney

. Chart: This chart shows the grass percentage for 10 perennial grasses sown in the NNYADP alfalfa-grass mix trial at the Michael Kiechle Garden of Eden Farm in Philadelphia, New York, in 2021. Graphic: J.R. Cherney

June 3, 2022.  The results of Northern New York Agricultural Development Program (NNYADP)-commissioned research in 2021 provide farm-based data on the importance of proper feeding management for dairy cows during the pre-calving to post-calving period. This NNYADP project was one of the first to apply the Metabolic Health Index adapted by the Overton Lab at Cornell University to identify cows that may be at higher risk of post-calving health issues. The 18-page “Evaluating Transition Cow Health on NNY Dairy Farms and Associations with Feeding Management Practices” report is posted under Research: Dairy at https://nnyagdev.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/NNYADP2021TransitionCowReport24FINAL.pdf .

“This research provided the opportunity to make a preliminary evaluation of the relationships among different metabolic health parameters of dairy cows through the pre-calving to post-calving transition period,” said project leader Casey Havekes, a Cornell Cooperative Extension North Country Ag Team dairy specialist, based in Canton, New York.

A broad range of data from 10 farms in 2021 revealed opportunities to improve pre-calving feeding management and, to a lesser extent, post-calving feeding programs.

“This first trial has identified areas to explore different feeding management strategies for the purpose of positively impacting transition cow health and post-calving performance and success,” said Havekes.

This research establishes a foundation to begin developing a statistically-accurate tool that dairy farmers and farm consultants can use to track the impact of transition cow feeding management programs and adjustments of those programs.

Specific areas identified for attention on the participating farms include particle size in the feed ration and properly mixing a ration specifically for cows in the transition period to encourage optimal nutrition during a time of increased nutrient demand to support the onset of calving and milk production.

Havekes is now analyzing reproduction and post-calving milk production data and working with the participating farms to develop farm-specific feeding programs to meet each farm’s  needs.

Cornell PRO-DAIRY Director Thomas Overton, Ph.D., who partnered with Havekes to develop the research plan, noted, “Prior to this Northern New York Agricultural Development Program project, there had been little to no research done at scale on the impact of feeding management in the dry cow diet on cow health through the transition period.”

Dr. Trevor DeVries, a University of Guelph professor and Canada Research Chair in Dairy Cattle Behavior and Welfare, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; and Dr. Allison Kerwin, dairy field research specialist, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, were project collaborators.

The Northern New York Agricultural Development Program is a farmer-driven research program, established by the New York State Legislature for the six northernmost counties of New York State.  Funding for the Program is supported through the New York State Assembly and administrated by the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets.

Hoard’s Dairyman, The National Dairy Farm Magazine, has made note of two NNYADP projects: its May 2022 includes a just-inside-the-front-cover article by Paul Virkler, D.V.M., and Wolfgang Heuwieser, D.V.M., titled “E-Training proves the need for refresher courses,” on the pilot project funded by the NNYADP that developed five dairy training modules that farm employees can access on their smartphones or laptops. This project was tested as an alternative to face-to-face education during the pandemic with positive results. The May 19, 2022 Hoard’s Dairyman E-News include noted of the NNYADP’s 2022 dairy project that is evaluating kefir as a probiotic supplement for dairy calves.

Learn more about NNYADP dairy research under the Research: Dairy tab on this website.

Funding for the NNYADP is supported by the New York State Legislature through the New York State Assembly and administrated by the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets.